Manhattan語法（第五版）中文筆記--GMAT必備

為了更好幫大家備考GMAT，留學監(jiān)理網(wǎng)的老師來給大家分享一份中文版本的曼哈頓語法。希望可以對大家有所幫助。

一、SC 的做題方法與原則

1．不是找對的，而是選最好的。

2．方法：排除法，首先在稿紙上寫下所有選項，然后根據(jù)一些相似性將答案大致分組，根

據(jù)各組的不同特點劃去錯誤的，比較剩余選項，針對區(qū)別進行判斷，剩下最好的。

要點：讀句子，懂意思，找出劃線與未劃線的關系?？催x項，先找出不同，肯定多于2處。從最好入手的比較開始排除，優(yōu)先主謂一致，單復數(shù)，平行，代詞，時態(tài)。最后代入句子檢查尤其注意劃線與未劃線是否一致。要最快速的排除并選出答案，而不要糾結于每個錯誤。

3．做改錯題時，首先應通讀句子，找出句子中能幫助做題的關鍵詞。在很多情況下，句子

中幫助做題的關鍵詞離劃線部分會很遠。

4．GMC 原則(grammar, meaning and concision):主謂一致，平行，代詞，修

飾，動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主被動，比較和習慣用法

二、意思與句子簡潔(GMC原則語法，語義，簡潔)

GMAT改錯題關鍵的三個要點，順序依次為：

STEP 1、首先看有無語法錯誤（習慣說法不一定正確）

STEP 2、看意思表達是否準確（不會讀2遍以上才明白也不會產(chǎn)生歧義）

STEP 3、是否簡潔（能用6個詞不要用10個詞）

（一） 意思

1．正確用詞

①Economic-經(jīng)濟的； economical-節(jié)約的；合算的；有效的

②Aggravate-加重，惡化； aggravating-令人憤怒的

③Known as –被認為是，很著名； known to be-被承認…；known for

④Loss of –失去；loss in-貶值

⑤Mandate-命令；have a mandate-擁有選舉權

⑥Native of- （人）來自；native to –物種起源于

⑦Range of –多種的； ranging-變化

⑧ Rate of –速度或頻率； rates for – 價格…

⑨Rise –上升,形容無方向，單純上升； raise-（打賭或工資）上漲，有方向

⑩Such as –比如； like-好像（舉例只能用such as, 不能用like）

⑾Try to do –努力去完成； try doing –嘗試去做

⑿ impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫

2．情態(tài)動詞

（1）當原句意思上沒有問題時，忠實原句，不做任何修改，即使修改過來也成立。

Actual: If Chris and Jed met, they DISCUSSED mathematics.

Hypothetical: If Chris and Jed met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics.

（2）當原句意思上有問題時，要替換為相對好點的那個。

EG：should 在GMAT中表示“道德上的義務”，而不是“好像”的意思，所以1，原句沒有should不要亂加 2，原句是likely，不能替換成should  3,法律法規(guī)只能用must，不能用should 替換

3．詞在句中的位置

（1）要關注一些重點詞，all, only；位置不同句子意思也不一樣。

EG: ONLY the council votes on Thursdays. The council votes ONLY on Thursdays.

（2）關注句子的整體順序，是否會產(chǎn)生歧義；EG：主被動語序強調(diào)的對象不同。

（3）在英語中，一般主語會放在謂語前面，因此一般不會用倒裝結構，除非開頭是否定詞。

定語從句中，一般不用倒裝。例如：OG129。

4．搭配

句子各成分是搭配在一起才有意義。句子中，主語，謂語，代詞要一致

（二） 簡潔

1．簡潔是GMAT 最后考到的點，只有在語法和意思都無誤的情況，才選擇最簡潔的；換言

之，如果語法無問題，即使很長也會比一個語法有問題，很短的句子好。

2．GMAT語法題中，如果一個詞可以搞定的意思，不要用一個短語，（否定詞除外）

EG: differ好于have difference in

Wordy: They HAVE DIFFERENCES over THE WAY IN WHICH the company should MAKE

INVESTMENTS in new technologies.

Better: They DIFFER over HOW the company should INVEST in new technologies.

EG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表達，意思不如not accompanied 清晰；另外關于什么

的增長，一般的用法是increase in sth，而不是increased sth

3．切忌冗余：

(1) 在一個句子中，不要用兩個意思一樣的詞

Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable- be able to; attempt-try;

other than- opposite; drop-decrease; sufficient-enough;

including-among； have to –require 及近義詞then-later; so-in order to

注意修飾時間的詞在一個句子里的重復

過去：previously; formerly; in the past; before now

現(xiàn)在：now; currently; presently; at present;

每年的：annual; each year; a year

(2) 注意being、having，雖然二者大多數(shù)情況是錯的，但GMAT也通常會制造一些其他的語

法錯誤，使得此類選項稍好一點。（being只有2種情況對）1，介詞＋being done;2,進行時被動語態(tài) be being done）

12th Edition: 8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31, 37, 39, 49, 57

Verbal Review: 2, 13, 57, 76 OR 2nd Edition: 3, 18, 22, 36, 54, 72

Eg.27頁習題

三、主語與謂語(主謂一致)

每一個句子都必須有一個主語和謂語（動詞），且主語和謂語要一致。

（一）連詞開頭的句子一定要有主句，否則是錯誤的。

EG: Because the dog was never mine. 錯誤，缺乏一個主句

（二）主語和謂語從邏輯上一定要合理,比如抽象名詞不能行走和說話，且主語和謂語在單復數(shù)上要一致。當不清楚主語是否應該是單數(shù)/復數(shù)的時候，看賓語，想造成這個賓語的主語是什么樣的

EG: × The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development不能夠不加油就跑幾百miles)

e.g.   The discovery of new medicines (was/were) vital to the company's growth.

若不知道主語是否單復，就想是什么造成公司的上漲。肯定是一件事。所以是單數(shù)

（三）主語謂語中間［插入語］可以忽略的2種情況。

插入語：在主語和謂語之間插入一些說明的成分

1.介賓短語中的名詞不是主語可以忽略：（of,／for by,／in,／with／,at,／to,／on,／from ＋名詞為介賓短語。）但若介賓短語前有“量”de修飾就另當別論，詳見下面（七）

     e.g. Near Galway, the houses on the road to Spiddle is/are gorgeous. 

     （NEAR Galway）, the HOUSES （ON the road TO Spiddle ）ARE gorgeous. 

2．前置短語可以忽略：在主語之前放一些修飾成分

EG: (when the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad.

說明：從句始終只是句子中輔助的成分，類似大形容詞，大名詞或大副詞

注意A：某些用動詞-ing／動詞-ed形勢做形容詞（有的用逗號來隔開）來修飾主語的，并不是真正謂語，可以忽略，

e.g. （Limping, ）the horse （once considered one of the favorites） was/were taken away. 

注意B．一個句子中有多個動詞和主語的，要找好對應關系，再判斷單復數(shù)。

（四）and 和表示“加”的詞

1． and 連接幾個不同的名詞的時候構成復數(shù)結構，謂語動詞要用復數(shù)。

2．其他連接性的詞（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including）雖然也表達“and”的意思，但是連接不同的名詞，只是起著修飾的作用，不會改變主語的單復數(shù)，不影響謂語動詞。

e.g. Joe, as well as his friends, IS going to the beach.

?    Mathematics, in addition to history and science, IS a required subject.

注：有且只有“and”可以將單數(shù)主語改編成復數(shù)主語。其他添加伴隨連接詞（如2所示）的單數(shù)主語，依然是單數(shù)主語。

（五）either or, neither nor

1. 當either..or…/neither…nor..同時出現(xiàn)的時候——就近原則：謂語動詞得單復數(shù)取決于離它最近的名詞的單復數(shù)。

EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.

Neither the players nor the coach IS going to the beach.

2. 若僅僅只有either or neither, 沒有or 、nor，則謂語動詞一定要用單數(shù)

（六）1，主語是集合性名詞用單數(shù)：在GMAT中“集合性名詞”一般被認為是單數(shù)名詞，看做一個整體，跟單數(shù)謂語（不過這些詞中除了citrus大家比較混淆，其他應該都沒問題不用重點背它）

People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd （群眾）orchestra（樂隊）, team 

Items: baggage, citrus（橙類）, equipment（設備）, fleet（艦隊／小河）, fruit, furniture（家具）

2， 一些表示學科的詞（physics, mathematics）、一些活動－有氧運動（aerobics）和一些疾?。悄虿。╠iabetes）水果柑橘（crtius）

雖然以S結尾，仍屬于單數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

e.g. The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field. 

Our ARMY of a hundred thousand soldiers IS attacking the enemy.

2,主語是非限制性的代詞，用單數(shù).(你不用琢磨啥是非限定性，就記著下面這些次都是單數(shù)就好了)

Anyone, anybody, anything,

no one, nobody, nothing, 

each, every,

someone, somebody,something, 

everyone, everybody,everything,

whatever, whoever

,either…or..;neither…nor..（同時出現(xiàn)單復與它最近的名詞一致；單獨出現(xiàn)用單數(shù)）

（七）介賓短語前面有“量”的修飾的2種情況。

1，大于1個的用復數(shù)。Eg. Three birds of the zoo were dead.

2，.特殊情況，“SANAM”：some,any,none,all,more/most,(part,half)

1)．Some of,  all of, more/most of, part of ,half of ,

謂語單復數(shù)。需要看介賓短語中的名詞

EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet.

Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.

2)．Any of ,  none of , not one of 謂語一定是單數(shù)。

e.g. Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.

（八）each & every 兩個詞如果放在復數(shù)主語之前用單數(shù)，復數(shù)主語之后用復數(shù)

EG: every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players.

（九）量詞

A number of +復數(shù)主語+復數(shù)謂語（a number of 可以看成是some/many）

The number of +復數(shù)/單數(shù)主語+單數(shù)謂語

Majority（多數(shù)）, minority（少數(shù)民族／少數(shù)）, and plurality（多數(shù)）這3個詞后面“＋of”就是復數(shù)，單獨做主語就是單數(shù)。

（上面這個原則，從語義角度講，當表示一個大群體的一部分時候，用復數(shù)；如果表達一個數(shù)量本身如何，用復數(shù)） 

The majority of the students in this class ARE hard workers.

In the Senate, the majority HAS coalesced into a unified voting block.

（十）短語或者從句作主語：謂語用單數(shù)

1． -ing的短語做主語，謂語用單數(shù)

Having good friends ]S a wonderful thing.

2．從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)

Whatever they want to do IS fine with me.

OG 68： sth that be…,當前面的sth做主語的時候， that be一般要省略，否則不符合英文表達習慣；另外，諸如evidence之類的詞，后面要跟that從句。

（十一）倒裝：主語的單復數(shù)向后看

1，什么是倒裝？

1）常用的副詞主要有：here , there , now , then , out , in , down , up , away 等，表示強調(diào)。

 Out rushed the boy

2）There be + 主語+地點。其中動詞be也可以是其他詞        

There are many different kinds of mooncakes on the table

3）在結果狀語從句句型so …that …中，如果強調(diào)so…放在句首，主句需要部分倒裝。

So excited was she at the news that she couldn”t say a word .

2.當判斷倒裝句的單復數(shù)，要看謂語動詞后名詞（主語）的單復數(shù)

1.） Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.

Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.

2.）后面是and的復合主語，用復數(shù)。

Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.

Flip it! A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop.

Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.

3.當判斷which后面的單復數(shù)時，取決于which指代的詞的單復數(shù)

Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computer

pastimes.

Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended.

Right: Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes.

12th Edition: 2, 5, 13, 27, 45, 60, 66, 68, 78, 84, D41

Verbal Review: 8, 16,24,34,35,59,77 OR 2nd Edition: 10, 11, 14,20,34,35,65

（十二）當不能確定是否是單復數(shù)時候，大多是單數(shù)。（當GMAT迷惑我們的時候，大都是單數(shù)）

四、平行結構

（一）平行結構的標志詞

最重要的三個平行連接詞：And, both and, or, either or; neither nor, not but, not only but also, rather than, from to 前后連接的A和B必須詞性相同，結構一致，甚至“數(shù)”一致

（二）平行元素的引導詞

1．有時候be, can, to…會被省略掉，

2．但是從句開頭的“引導詞（where/who/whose）不可以省略，即使引導詞一樣”； 

W rong: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND I pay low taxes.

Right: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE I pav low taxes.

3．同時引導詞也可以不一樣！

Right: There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not.

4．但是“引導詞”前面的詞不可以省略！those who 連在一起不分家。中間不能插入both

Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.?

Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.

此句中“those”不能省略，但是“popular”可以省略。

（三）AND：

1．通常逗號原則。

A and B

A ,B，and C

A,B,C,and D

2．特殊逗號原則

當連接兩個元素是長de獨立句子時候，會用A，and B

I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.

3．分層并列——無論并列的元素有多少，同一個并列連詞連接的必須結構相似，詞性相同！可以在一個句子同時用不同的并列連詞，或者單獨的詞和句子并列，表示不同的層次，但是重要的是語義要平行。

Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property. AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.

，

（四）一些常見的并列習語

（五）句子中的動詞不一定都是平行關系，很有可能是動詞的-ing或者-ed形勢表示伴隨。

（六）系動詞兩邊的成分要并列：表達的是“主語是什么／主語在什么情況下”

系動詞都有哪些見下表：

Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.

Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.

Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.

Right: The nomination of this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban- rural relations in this country.

12th Edition: 6, 11, 14, 15,22,24,26,28,29,36,42,46,52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 65, 72, 77,

81, 83, 88, D36, D39, D46

Verbal Review: 1, 4, 6, 11, 22, 25, 27, 46, 47, 51, 52, 56, 62, 64, 66, 70

OR 2nd Edition: 1,2,4,5,7,15,17,24,26,27,45,46,49,52,53,58,60,61, 63, 67

五、代詞

代詞是GMAT中最常見的考點，每次見到介詞的時候都應檢查指代是否清晰。

（一）先行詞（代詞指代的名詞）必須存在

注意有些名詞是作為形容詞、所有格在用，這樣的名詞不能作為先行詞；名詞作為先行詞

的條件是該名詞一定要具備名詞功能。

EG: 錯。The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to it. 

It無指代對象，因為park在此處是形容詞，真正的主語是park rangers。

（二）先行詞和代詞必須同時有意義

將代詞換為先行詞（它所指代的名詞），該句子必須還是有意義，說的通

EG: (錯)Although the term ”supercomputer” may sound wonderful, it is simply and machine that can execute tril- lions of calculations every second.

（對）: Although the term "supercomputer" may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply REFERS TO an extremely fast mainframe that can execute tril- lions of calculations every second.

此處,it指代就有問題,“term”不是機器，“term”指的是機器。所以要用“refer to”

注意：通常解釋一個新名詞，用的是it refers to 而不是it is。此乃長考考點。

（三）代詞的指代必須清晰

每一個代詞都只能有一個清晰的先行詞，如有多個的話，指代是模糊的。

（注意：1個句子里通常只有1個代詞，如果有2個通常1個單數(shù)1個復數(shù)；

若一個句子里有兩個單數(shù)代詞，但是指代不同對象，一定錯；

或者一個單數(shù)代詞，2個單數(shù)先行詞，也必錯，因為指代不清）

（四）代詞和先行詞的單復數(shù)必須一致,GMAT為了迷惑，會在主語和主句前面，加上從句，比如：along with…/by…,要找到真正的主語。

（五）格

1．代詞主格可用做主語：I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who

2．代詞賓格用作賓語：me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom

3．所有格：my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their（?？迹? theirs, whose

4．重要考點：

（1）代詞在句子主語的位置上，通常會被認為指代與其平行句子的主語。

EG: Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.

此處they指代的是主語supernovas而不是前面的elements.

（2）一般所有格代詞只能指代所有格名詞，不能指代主格和賓格。

EG: Wrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packages in order to

determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.

這里them本想指代executives但是這里面executives是以所有格executives’ compensation pachages的形勢出現(xiàn)的，所以不能指代。

Right: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THESE EXECUTIVES may have been improperly awarded.

Right: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THEY may have been improperly awarded.

（3）which，that 只能指代物，只有who, whom 才能指代人

（4）同一個句子中，it/its指代同一個物，they/them/their指代同一批人

（六）幾個要點

1．this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔，必須用作this/that/those/these+n 的結構才能做代詞使用，而這個名詞則是能體現(xiàn)先行詞性質(zhì)的詞。(this, those, that and these are never

used as a stand-alone pronoun without a noun following)

EG：New”nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength,

2．that或those可以表明一個新的copy關于先行詞的,避免重復。

EG: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children.

3．that或those 表明新copy 的時候一定前后完全一致（包括單復數(shù)），否則需要重復先行詞。

EG：錯。Her company is outperforming those of her competitors. 

those與company不一致，應將those替換為companies.

12th Edition: 1, 7, 23, 47, 91, D42

Verbal Review: 12, 15, 19, 29, 41, 44, 49, 53, 65, 67

OR 2nd Edition: 16, 19,21,29,40,43,48,51,62,64

六、修飾語

（一）形容詞和副詞

1．形容詞修飾名詞或者代詞，副詞修飾除了名詞和代詞外，其余詞均可修飾。

2．GMAT 考試中最長出現(xiàn)的修飾結構：

形容詞+形容詞+名詞：在此結構中，兩個形容詞均修飾名詞

副詞+形容詞+名詞：在此結構中，副詞修飾形容詞，形容詞修飾名詞

EG: James is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor. 在句中 Irish是形容詞，ancestor是名詞。

supposed修飾ancestor，表明James可能是，也可能不是MAX的ancestor.

Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.此處supposedly一定要用副詞形式，因為M的奶奶肯定是M 的祖先，只是不知道是不是他的Irish祖先而已，因此副詞再次修飾形容詞了。

常見的形容詞+ly 變副詞的詞語: corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent,

seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual.

即意味著，以上這些詞，出現(xiàn)在語法中，既有＋ly,也有不加－ly的時候，既要忠于原文，也要忠于語義。

（二）名詞修飾語：形容詞、介詞短語，過去分詞，不加逗號的現(xiàn)在分詞，從句，同位語(另一個名詞)

前置修飾（同位語）是GMAT 中最常見的名詞性修飾

EG: Tired from chasing mice, the cat took a nap.

1．名詞和其修飾語必須互相靠近，就近修飾；如果修飾語靠近另外一個名詞，則會產(chǎn)生誤解。劃線部分修飾的是逗號后緊挨的“the cat”

EG: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. 錯

To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. 對

Gmat語法中，總出現(xiàn)which引導的修飾性從句，如果不是修飾其前面最近的名詞，則錯！

2．每一個名詞修飾必須對應一個修飾對象，不能缺乏修飾對象

Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.

Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion.

Gmat中若主語前有個ved引導的修飾從句，主語必須是逗號后面緊挨的主語，若不是，則錯！

3．避免一系列的修飾語修飾一個名詞，讓兩個很長的修飾語修飾一個名詞不好

最常見的模式就是：修飾語，修飾語， 主謂賓必錯／主語，修飾語，修飾語，謂賓必錯

正確的：一種常見的情形是：修飾語，主語+定語從句，謂賓，這種是對的

另外一種：修飾語，定語從句，主語，修飾語，謂語賓語，這種也對，但少見

注意：動詞修飾語不像名詞修飾語，不需要貼近其修飾的主語。

Wrong: George Carlin，both shocking and entertaining audiences across the na- tion，who also struggled publicly with drug abuse，influenced and in- spired a generation of comedians.

Better: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation，George Car- lin，who also struggled publicly with drug abuse，influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.

BEST: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation，George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians,

另外，要注意所有格形式“誰的什么”，這種形式經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)修飾錯誤,要區(qū)分所修飾de內(nèi)容指的是“誰”還是“什么”若修飾的是“誰”則錯！特別注意抽象名詞

EG: Wrong : Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago, into a true art form taken place.

此句中，后句不是句子而是一個修飾結構，由于靠近development，通常會被我們誤認為是修飾development.

Right: Origami-a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago-has developed into a true art form only in the past century.

（三）名詞修飾與從句

1．Which（修飾物），that（不能修飾人）， who /whom(修飾人)、whose, where, when, Who: 一般修飾主語； whom: 一般修飾賓語，且一般跟在介詞 in／for后面，其中在GMAT中whose既可以修飾物也可以修飾人。

e.g .the town whose water supply was contaminated.

That/whom：修飾的成分是賓語的時候，是可以省略的

Who/whom 當在修飾關系從句中，who是從句中謂語的主語；whom是從句中謂語的賓語

Wrong: The security guard WHO we met was nice. (who met we)

Right: The security guard WHOM we met was nice.（we met whom）

Where/which: where只能修飾具體的地點,which可以修飾虛擬的，如condition, situation(位置), case, circumstance,arrangement（布置。）

When／which: 修飾一個具體時間或者時間段時，可以通用，如time, period, age, 1987, decade,

2．修飾限制性名詞修飾，一般開頭用the；無逗號隔開的，用that;

非限制性名詞修飾，一般開頭用this／/these/：有逗號隔開的，用which

Non-essential: This mansion，WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED, is owned by the Lees.

Essential: The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees.

但是當which前面有介詞的時候，例如for which，可能不需要that,但是依然需要逗號原則。

Non-essential: This mansion, FOR WHICH I YEARN, is owned by the Lees. 

Essential: The mansion FOR WHICH I YEARN is owned by the Lees.

簡單說就是the開頭,沒逗號，用that／for which

this／these開頭，有逗號，用which/for which

（四）從屬結構de修飾

從屬結構，通過because, although, if, while, so that修飾，有兩個重要考點：

1. 主謂語賓要全，因為畢竟是一個句子

2. 不能單獨形成一個完整的句子，邏輯意思必須依附于一個主句。

（五）which 和現(xiàn)在分詞

1．Which 必須緊跟其修飾的名詞，which不能修飾一個句子，which只能指代它前面的一個名詞

Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood. WHICH has led to a rise in property values.（此句中which指的是neighborhood,錯）

Right: The recent decrease in crime in our neighborhood has led to a rise in property values.

2．ing 形式做修飾語

（1）做形容詞，直接修飾名詞

（2）可以修飾主語和動詞

（3）可以修飾一個從句（此時主句若轉化為同意名詞，這個名詞可作為ing的主語），這種

形式就是常見的ing表示結果的結構。

EG: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.

（4）ing 形式在主系表結構中，可以修飾其前面緊跟的名詞

（5）ing 形式在主謂賓結構之后，可以表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，表伴隨，此時其邏輯主

語就是主句的主語。

(6)ing形式表主動 ed表被動

12th Edition: 10, 18, 25, 30, 38, 40, 48, 58, 61, 63, 71, 79, D40, D44

Verbal Review: 7, 18,32,38,63,73,79,91

OR 2nd Edition: 33, 42, 57, 59, 69, 71, 75, 83, 84

七、動詞的時態(tài)、語氣和主被動

（一）時態(tài)

（先后順序：過去完成時 過去進行時 過去時 一般現(xiàn)在時 現(xiàn)在進行時 現(xiàn)在完成時一般將來時）

1. 一般定義用一般現(xiàn)在時。

2. 不能用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。

3．表示一般狀態(tài)的動詞不用進行時，比如know, signify（意味著），emit(發(fā)射)

EG: Wrong: This inscription IS SIGNIFYING the emperor's birth.

Right: This inscription SIGNIFIES the emperor's birth.

4．現(xiàn)在進行時不能表示將來的動作，但是可以表示“可能性”

Wrong: Quentin IS MEETING Harvey for lunch tomorrow.

 Right: Quentin WILL MEET Harvey for lunch tomorrow.

      Sandy WILL BE PLAYING soccer tomorrow.

5．一個句子中的不同動詞時態(tài)。若在一個句子里，兩個動詞的時態(tài)一樣，代表兩個動作是平行的，同樣重要的。若一個句子里兩個時態(tài)不一樣，則時態(tài)近的是主句，另一個動作通常代表一個背景介紹。

Right: She WAS PLAYING with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.此句要表達的是the babysitter arrived之前she was playing.

She PLAYED with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.此句表達的是the babysitter arrived之后she played.

（二）現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)

1．現(xiàn)在完成時表示的是一個行為發(fā)生在過去，但狀態(tài)繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或者是仍然對現(xiàn)在有所影響?，F(xiàn)在完成時的構成：have/has+過去分詞

現(xiàn)在完成時的標志詞：since+過去一個時間點； within/over/during/in+時間段

EG: She WILL PAY you when you HAVE TAKEN out the garbage.

(The time of will pay is LATER than the future time of have taken)

2．而一般過去時表示的一個行為發(fā)生在過去，已經(jīng)結束且對現(xiàn)在沒有影響。

表示詞：likeihood/ possibility+ that, over+時間點

（三）過去完成時

1．兩個行為都發(fā)生在過去，而較早的那一個要用過去完成時，

若轉述一個人發(fā)表的演講或者報告，要將現(xiàn)在時轉化為過去時，過去時轉化為過去完成時，將來時轉化為條件狀態(tài)（will---would）

EG: The man believes that the machine will be wonderful.

The scientist believed that the machine would be wonderful.

錯誤：The man believes that the machine would be wonderful.

The man believed that the machine will be wonderful.

注：主句若是現(xiàn)在時，則從句時態(tài)必須不能早過其時態(tài)，即必須是“現(xiàn)在時間內(nèi)的某個時態(tài)”；同樣，如果主句是過去時，則從句必須是過去時間內(nèi)的某個時態(tài)。

2．如果主句和分句主語相同，且以and, before, but等連接，如果句子邏輯上存在先后順序的話，主分句都用一般過去時即可。

EG: Antonio DROVE to the store, and Cristina BOUGHT some ice cream.

   Laura LOCKED the dead bolt before she LEFT for work.

3．Trick一枚：有時候我們可以在前一個分句中用一般過去時表示“過去”，在后一個分句中

用過去完成時表示從“過去”一直延續(xù)下去。即一般過去時在過去完成時之前。

EG: The band U2 was one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980's, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular music.

（四）虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣常見的兩種形式：

1.看起來不可能或者不真實的條件，用if, as if, as though引導

Right: To overcome my fear of germs, I will think about disease as though it WERE harmless.

2．proposal, desire, request等表“建議”、“命令”的詞用that引導

虛擬語氣中，be一般用were. EG: if I were a rich man

3．If…then….常見的五種句型 (then 經(jīng)常會被省略掉)

（1）表示確定: If ＋一般現(xiàn)在時, then ＋一般現(xiàn)在時

EG: if she eats pizza, (then) she becomes ill.

（2）表示某種程度的不確定: if ＋一般現(xiàn)在時, then can／may＋v.原型

If she eats pizza, (then) she may become ill.

（3）確定-用于將來時態(tài)（現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的某些事情造成將來的影響）：

 if ＋一般現(xiàn)在時，then＋一般將來時

 If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.

（4）不確定-將來時態(tài)：

 if ＋虛擬語氣 , then ＋情態(tài)動詞＋v.原型

 If she ate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would become ill. (使用虛擬語氣)

此句中，作者認為S不太可能吃披薩，所以情態(tài)動詞would是對一個不太可能發(fā)生的事情的推測。

（5）從未發(fā)生-過去式：

if ＋過去完成時, then＋情態(tài)動詞完成時

If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would have become ill. (使用虛擬語氣)

注：a.在GMAT中，如果遇到but if..那么就要考慮是否是以上的五種之一。

Right: IF you study diligently, [THEN] you will score highly. 

Right: You will score highly IF you study diligently.

b.情態(tài)動詞would/should永遠不會出現(xiàn)在“if”從句中

4．命令性的虛擬語氣，（比假設性虛擬更重要）

（1）一般形式： 主語+命令性動詞+that+從句主語+虛擬動詞原型（沒有S沒有am,is,are）

（2）暴力詞－只能用that從句的命令虛擬語氣，不能用不定式：demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate（規(guī)定）, suggest

 We demand THAT HE BE here.

其中propose,當句子中的兩個動詞發(fā)起者均是一個主語時，可以用不定式。

The attorneys proposed to meet the following day.

（3）暴力詞－只能用不定式的：advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want

      We allow HIM TO BE here.

（4）暴力詞－既可以接that從句的命令虛擬語氣，又可以接不定式：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require

     We require THAT HE BE here. O R We require HIM TO BE here.

（5）具有命令性的詞匯的名詞形式同樣應用虛擬語氣

Right: His demand THAT he BE paid full severance was not met.

（6） 形容詞性的命令詞匯既可用虛擬語氣，也可用不定式：如essential, advisable, crucial,desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital

Right: It is essential THAT Gary BE ready before noon.

      it is essential for Gary to be ready before noon.

（7）例外暴力詞－prohibit 既不接that也不接to do

常見用法：prohibit sth；prohibit from doing；prohibit sb from doing

Right: The agency PROHIBITED Gary FROM WORKING on weekends.

EG: In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative water purification method, the

company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting disclosure of its water purification methods to any company using an analogous purification process.

注：a. 在虛擬語氣中，這些詞沒有第三人稱單數(shù)形式。

      that the school board DISBAND, not DISBANDS

    b. BE作為虛擬語氣動詞的時候，只有Be的形式，沒有am ,is ,are

      BE ready before noon, Gary!

    c. GMAT中虛擬經(jīng)常錯的幾種形式

第一句：缺That

第二句：disbands錯，應該沒有S

第三句：沒有is

第四句：沒有will

第五句：沒有should

正確：Bossy Verb + THAT+ subject + Command Subjunctive

We PROPOSE THAT the school board DISBAND.

d. 特例Want.，有時候使用want并不是虛擬語氣，而只是一個不定式表目的

   Right: The vice-president WANTS her TO GO to the retreat. 

   Wrong: The vice-president WANTS THAT she GO to the retreat.

（五）被動語態(tài)與主動語態(tài) BE(am,is,are/was,were)+過去分詞

1．by后面一般跟動作的執(zhí)行者且一定是被動語態(tài)； through 和because of 后面跟一些設備手段或者方法

2．GMAT規(guī)則，主動優(yōu)于被動

3．完成時態(tài)可用不及物動詞，但被動語態(tài)不可以，例如arrive,不能用被動語態(tài)，因為不能“arrive something/something can`t be arrive”

Wrong: The aliens WERE ARRIVED on Neptune in the 20th century. 

Right: The aliens ARRIVED on Neptune in the 20th century.

12th Edition: 3, 19, 41, 54, 67, 69, 70, 74, 85, 86, 87

Verbal Review: 3, 21, 28, 30, 37, 39, 40, 55, 61, 78

OR 2nd Edition: 30, 37, 38, 39, 56, 74

八、GMAT 中常見的比較

（一）常見的比較詞匯

like vs as

1．Like 是一個介詞，因此like后面只能跟名詞（或者動名詞作名次，如like swimming,skating is great exercise）， 代詞或者名詞短語。（不能跟從句／介詞短語）

2．As 既可以跟介賓短語，又可以跟連詞（后面可以跟句子）。

（1）表示列舉的時候，只能用as,不能用like

（2）like＋句子一定錯！

（二）比較的兩點重要規(guī)則

1．比較的對象具有同等邏輯意思。

Wrong: Frank's build, LIKE his brother, is broad and muscular.

Right: Frank's build, LIKE his brother's, is broad and muscular.

Right: Frank's build, LIKE that of his brother, is broad and muscular.

Right: Frank, LIKE his brother, has a broad and muscular build.

2．比較要從結構上保持平行

Wrong : I like to run through forests more than I enjoy walking through crowds.

Right: I like running through forests MORE THAN walking through crowds.

（三）比較重要考點

1．對主謂賓全的句型

(1) 主語比較： A do sth than B do.（AB為對等名詞，加do 是為了顯示這是一個可以發(fā)出動作的名詞，因而確定是主語，進而確定是主語對比）

(2) 介賓比較 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2對等名詞）

注意一定要是介賓才能直接跟在than后面

The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than outside the racks.錯,不是介賓比較

The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than did those outside the racks. 對

(3) 賓語比較 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2為對等名詞)

(4) 狀語比較A do sth than usual/ever before/people expected(直接加狀語)

2．一種句型只有主謂，沒有賓語的句子，因為沒有賓語，只可能有主語比較，因而

不需要重復do來確認這是一個可發(fā)出動作的主語，所以其比較形式如下：

I eat faster than you.注意與下句區(qū)別

I eat apple faster than you do

如果寫成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，從語法上就變成我吃蘋果比吃你快，成了賓語比較。邏輯上顯然不通。

3．AS 族的比較大同小異，as 可單獨引導比較，也可以復合成as many as, as hard as 等

形式，但ETS宗旨不變，如

Sand road costs twice as many to build as to maintain(類似于介賓比較）

Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主語比較）

Sand road costs the government twice as many to build as the residents.(賓語比較)

4．特殊句型

AS poor as they are, they cannot afford a car.

They have 800 million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.

5．There be 句型等同于一般的主謂賓俱全的句型OG89

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as there were four years

ago(主語比較)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as DVD player(賓語比較)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as for school teachers.(介賓比較)

There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china(介賓比較)

6．比較結構的省略

（1）所有格省略

前句有明確說明所有物是什么東西，后句的就可以省略，用所有格表示。

P.S. 所有格/所有物可以代表單數(shù)和復數(shù)，只有邏輯意思合理就行。

EG: My car is bigger than Brian's [car}. My toes are longer than Brian's [toes}.

（2）比較從句可以省略賓語、謂語甚至整個從句，只要邏輯意思合理。

EG: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 [quarts}.

I walk faster than Brian [walks}.

I walk as fast now as [I walked] when I was younger.

（3）有些句子為了不造成歧義，需要添加動詞和情態(tài)動詞，以保持邏輯含義鮮明。

EG: Visual eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts必須為賓語才能省略)

Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. {Yvette could be subject or object.}

Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese)

Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)

總結：主語比較，新的主語+動詞（或省略動詞）；介賓比較、賓語比較，直接放介賓和賓語即可。

（四）比較級與最高級OG 43

1．以ly結尾的副詞的比較級是more +該副詞，不要改成er形式

EG: Adam runs more quickly than Jones.（沒有賓語，所以Jones后面省略does）

2．比較級中一定要有一個than

一個重要例子：

A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah. 錯（有歧義）

A cat cannot catch a wildebeest that run as fast as a cheetah. (賓語的奔跑速度比較)

A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as it catch a cheetah. (同一主語抓捕速度比較)

A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can. (不同主語抓w速度比較，補出情態(tài)動詞can)

12th Edition: 9, 20, 32, 43, 76, 82, 89, 97, 99, 100, D35, D37

Verbal Review: 10, 23, 31, 33, 36, 42, 45, 68, 92

OR 2nd Edition: 13,25,32,41, 44, 66, 85

九、其他一些語法(Idioms)

（零）習語&固定搭配（原書129~161打?。?/p>

（一）連詞

1．一個正確的句子至少有一個主句：有完整的主謂結構，且不以because or if結尾；逗號不

足以連接兩個完整句子。

2．a(chǎn)nd 是GMAT 考試總最重要的連詞，它可以連接多個名詞，或多個結構相同成分或者

句子，注意and連接的前后成分一定要是并列的。

And的兩種用法：1）連接一系列的名詞。（apples, grapes, and pears）

2)連接兩個主語從句（意味著2個主語2個謂語，且并列）and前面如果有逗號，則后面必有主語！或者and 是一個主語發(fā)出的2個動作，則不需要逗號，直接用and連接。

Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.

Right: Earl walked to school ，AND HE later ate his lunch.

3．一次只能用一個連詞，如since/because, so不能同時用， although, yet不能同時用。

4．并列連詞：and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so；從屬連詞，although, because, before, after, since,

when, if , unless, that, though, while

（二）標點符號:逗號，分號，破折號，冒號

1．逗號

(1) 次要內(nèi)容會用逗號隔開，但是主要內(nèi)容和主句一脈相承。（插入語）

(2) 一個主語發(fā)出的兩個動詞間的and不用逗號。

EG: Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.

Right: Earl walked to school AND later ate his lunch.

(3) 逗號不能連接兩個完整的句子。（老生常談）

2．分號

(1) 分號用以連接兩個緊密相關的句子，這兩個句子又是分別相對完整的句子。（說是“相對”，是因為雖然語法上都能單獨成句，但是邏輯意思上第二句單獨出來的話就說不通）

EG: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; they do everything together.

(2) 用分號連接的兩句應該是獨立、平衡的。如果原句有從屬關系，那么應該保留比如原句是因果關系，則不用分號而用because。

(3) 分號后經(jīng)常跟一些鏈接副詞（注意這些詞不是真正的連詞，不能用逗號替代分號），如

however, therefore, in addition, then.

EG: Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart.

Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart.

(4) 分號還有個主要的用法：用來隔開帶逗號的一串名詞。

EG: Wrong: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire, Wow, Owls, and Blood, Sweat & Tears.

Right: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears.

3．冒號

(1) 冒號是對前面提出的信息起補充說明作用，可以在冒號后面加namely或者that is。

(2) 冒號前的分句必須能夠單獨成句，冒號后的則不一定。

(3) 緊挨著冒號前的成分與冒號后的解釋成分越近越好

Worse: Three factors affect the rate of a reaction: concentration, surface area, and temperature.

Right: The rate of a reaction is affected by three factors: concentration, surface area, and

temperature.

(4) 冒號后可以加入一個主句，用以解釋冒號前的內(nèi)容。

EG: On January 1, 2000, the national mood was completely different from what it would become just a few years later: at the turn of the century, given a seemingly unstoppable stock market and a seemingly peaceful world, the country was content.

4．破折號

(1) 破折號的用法很富有彈性，既可以作強調(diào)作用，也能充當冒號，分號。

(2) 有時候為了突出主要內(nèi)容或者解釋時，破折號更佳。

EG: My three best friends-Danny, Jimmy, and Joey-and I went skiing. (用逗號意思就變7個人了)

(3) 破折號還可以重復或者解釋前半句的內(nèi)容。但又和冒號不同，破折號不一定立刻放在被

解釋內(nèi)容之后。

EG: Post-MBA compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for

management consultants-by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year.

(4) 用的比較廣泛，破折號有雙的，也有單的。

（三）量詞

1．可數(shù)的量詞：few、number、numerous

2．不可數(shù)的量詞：lesss、amount、great、least

3．既可跟可數(shù)名詞又可跟不可數(shù)名詞的量詞：more, most, enough, all 但是less只能不可數(shù)

4．留意單位詞：如money-dollar, volume-gallons, 這些單位詞可用復數(shù)，但都是修飾不可數(shù)

名詞的

Right: We have LESS THAN twenty dollars.

(這里dollars是復數(shù)，但是要用不可數(shù)的less than來修飾)

5．the number of 修飾單數(shù)，a number of 修飾復數(shù)，The numbers of 一般都是錯的

如果numbers要做比較，一般用greater than, 而不是more than

Wrong:The rare Montauk beaked griffin is not extinct; its NUMBERS are now sus- pected to be much MORE than before.? 

Right:The rare Montauk beaked griffin is not extinct; its NUMBERS are now sus- pected to be much GREATER than before.

6．increase和decrease表達同一事物的變化；Greater和less則是比較不同事物。

Right: The price of silver INCREASED by ten dollars.

Right: The price of silver is five dollars GREATER than the price of copper.

同時，很重要的一點！避免意思重復：increase不能和rise/rising/risen／growing/grwth一起用！decrease不能和fall/fell一起用。

Wrong: The price of silver FELL by a more than 35% DECREASE.

 Right: The price of silver DECREASED by more than 35%.

 Right: The price of silver FELL by more than 35%.

7．between形容兩個物品；among形容三個物品

12th Edition: 4, 33, 34, 35, 44, 50, 51, 59, 64, 73, 75, 96, 106, 117, 118, 120, D38, D45

Verbal Review: 5, 9,14,17,20,26,43,48,50,54,58,69,75,89,90,109,113

OR 2nd Edition: 6, 12, 23, 28, 47, 73, 107, 113

1.主謂一致2.平行3.代詞 4.修飾 5.詞性，語氣，主被動 6.比較7.固定搭配

十、簡潔和平行（高階）

（一）簡潔：一些具體的形式: V>adj/adv.>n

1．動詞形式優(yōu)于名詞：即動詞形式優(yōu)于“be/make ＋名詞”形式

EG: His conception of money was a goal 差. He conceived of money as a goal好

His example was an influence on me. 差His example influenced me.好

They made a reference to the strike.?差 They referred to the strike.好

2．that 從句優(yōu)于一堆名詞性修飾語，常用這種結構的詞包括：hypothesis, idea, suggestion, belief, discovery, evidence, indication, and report.

EG: The hypothesis about the composition of the universe as largely dark energy seems strange.

   The hypothesis that the universe is largely composed of dark energy seems strange.

3．動詞形式優(yōu)于形容詞形式

The artist was influential to the movement. ?The artist influenced the movement.

4．形容形式優(yōu)于名詞形式

She has the ability to juggle. She is able to juggle.

5．副詞形式優(yōu)于介詞短語

Wordy: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen TO A

COMPARABLE EXTENT.

Better: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen COMPARABLY

注意：盡可能避免用to be，而用is , am, are,been,was,were 等替代

6．形容詞大于BE動詞的形容詞從句

Marcos is a professor who is admirable.

Marcos is a admirable professor.

7．盡量少用it is…that 結構

Wordy: IT IS without fear THAT children should play.

Better: Children should play without fear.

      動詞         形容詞          副詞          名詞

apply                                       applicability

conceived                                   conception

cost                                        cost is

decided                                     decision

influenced                                   was influence

inspired                                     inspireation

refered                                      reference

weigh                                       weight

      動詞         形容詞          副詞          名詞        介賓

aggravate       is aggravating

can            be able to

indicate         indicative

inspired         inspirational

suggest         suggestive

               abundant                    abundance

               be able to                   ability

               capable                     capability

               convince                    conviction

               disincline                    disinclination

               isolate                      isolation

               comparably                               to a comparable extent

               considerably                              to a considerable extent

               significantly                              to a significant degree  

                 形容詞               帶Bed的形容詞從句

                 admirable               who is admirable

                 firefighter               who is firefighter

（二）簡潔的考點

GMAC會利用較短的表達造成“簡潔”的錯覺。

1．(1) 當of的詞,表示形容前面的名詞時，可以將of省略。

A wall of stone=a stone wall。

但是of是帶有數(shù)量、時間、計量性質(zhì)的固定搭配就不能改了,一定用of。

(2) 尤其介詞不是of 時，更加有必要保留介詞

Danube river access < access to the Danube river; Boston soldier < soldier from Boston

Population changes of honeybees < changes in the population of honeybees

sales increase < increase in sales

2．在比較中，that of , those of 常常很重要

The faces I see in ads is a famous actor. < The face I see in ads is that of a famous actor

但有時候又是多余的

The fields I most enjoy are those of math and physics. <The filed I most enjoy are math and physics／

3．在一些報道性的詞語后面一定跟著that

Indicate, claim, contend, report, announce, assert, believe, confess, demonstrate, doubt, expect, hold, know, mention ,observe, proclaim, reason, recognize, repeat, state, think , warn, be convinced , be certain, be assured, agree, declare, find, reveal, rule ,show

Too Short: The study INDICATES the problem has vanished. 

Better: The study INDICATES THAT the problem has vanished.

有一個比較特殊的詞就是say,之后不必跟that，就可以跟一個句子

Right: The water was so cold that people SAID polar bears would shiver.

（三）平行

1．名詞有兩種形式：實體名詞(時間、地點、人、事件)，動作名詞(eruption, pollution, change,

growth等)，二者不能平行

2．動名詞：簡單動名詞，（動名詞＋名詞）

Tracking satellites accurately is important for the space agency.

復雜動名詞（含有修飾成分，經(jīng)常是前面加一個冠詞a/an/the+of的介賓短語）

The accurate tracking of satellites is important for the space agency.

,簡單動名詞不能和復雜動名詞平行。且只有復雜動名詞才能與動作名詞平行。

Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disput- ed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, raising the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.

Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disput- ed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, THE raising OF the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.

其中withdrawal,reductions,pardon都是動作名詞，而the raising of是復雜名詞。

The accurate tracking of satellites -復雜動名詞； tracking satellites -簡單動名詞

在所有的動名詞中，永遠選擇復雜動名詞（通常帶OF）而不是簡單動名詞。

Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND releasing certain political prisoners.

Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND THE releasing OF certain political prisoners.

Right:The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND THE RELEASE OF certain political prisoners.

3．如果一個動詞有具體的名詞形式，就不要用動名詞，如extract就有名詞extraction

OG129：定語從句不要倒裝；OG133：就近修飾，定語從句或ving 修飾

OG： D50 that的指代是否模糊？

4．不定式平行，若有3個及以上元素，是否省略To看前一個

It is critical to suspend activities, notify investors, AND say not

5．總結：可以相互平行的詞

名詞                      其他

1.實體名詞               1.動作動詞

2.動作名詞＋復雜動名詞  2.不定式

3.簡單動名詞            3.形容詞和過去分詞

                        4.從句

意思與句子簡潔

12th Edition: 93, 98, 135

Verbal Review: 83, 87

主謂一致

12th Edition: 95, 104, 129, 133, 140, D43

Verbal Review: 104 OR 2nd Edition: 101

平行：

12th Edition: 90, 92, 94, 109, 114, 119, 127, 130, 134, 137, D48, D50, D51

Verbal Review: 60, 81, 82, 84, 93, 97, 99, 100, 108

OR 2nd Edition: 55, 77, 78, 86, 91, 94, 95, 106, 112

十一、代詞和修飾語（高階）

（一）代詞

1．代詞

（1）there：there 如果做代詞指代某個地方時，前面一定要提到這個地方，而且必須是介賓短語形式，不能是形容詞成分。

EG: Oil in Arctic may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental concerns addressed.

× Arctic oil may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental concerns

addressed.

（2）itself, themselves, one another, each other: 一般表強調(diào)其指代的名詞

After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved it. (解散Agreement)

After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved itself. (解散Commission)

（3）such, other, another

以上三個代詞一般在后面跟一個概括性的名詞指代前面的名詞。

After the agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any such contracts to debate in the future.

（4）one：指代具有非定義性，要么指代前面的單數(shù)名詞，或者指代前面復數(shù)名詞其中的一個。

After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat one.巧克力中一個

After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat them.前面的巧克力

（5）do so 和 do it

Do so : 可以指代整個的動作，包含謂語動詞，賓語和修飾語

Q did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother did so. 指代eat dinner quickly（so可省略）

Do it : it必須指代一個確切的名詞

Q failed to do the homework, but his brother did it. 指代前面的homework.

Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ate it.

2．代詞變換位置

（1）不定式做主語時，通常用it作形式主語

It is futile to resist temptation. 對 TO RESIST temptation is futile. 錯

（2）that 從句做主語，通常用it作形式主語

It gave us encouragement that we scored at all. 對?THAT we scored at all gave us encouragement.錯

但是it在其他情況下都不可以指代從句。

（3）不定式或that 從句做賓語，用it作形式賓語

She made it possible for us to attend the movie.

She made possible our attendance at the movie.

She made our attendance at the movie possible. 都對

3．有時候避免代詞指代不清的一種方式就是用一個概括性的名詞替代，這樣還可以避免直

接用之前的名詞造成重復

After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to hang the deer(the meat) from.

Right: New "nano-papers" incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength.

4．代詞使用的一些細微差別

（1）單數(shù)代詞指代單數(shù)名詞

（2）性別代詞要一致,his/her/its

（3）重復的代詞經(jīng)常被認為指代的是同一個名詞,一個句子中所有的it/they始終指代同一個詞

（4）代詞一般指代離其最近的名詞，但不能過于近了；

EG: In the station house IT is considered taboo. it 不能指代station house

大多數(shù)情況被指代詞在代詞之前,但也有特殊的，在其之后

EG: After he dried his tears, Jack made a smile.

（5）代詞出現(xiàn)的平行位置（主謂賓）相同，可視為相同指代

Note: 如果發(fā)現(xiàn)用以上代詞指代的5原則竟然排除了所有5個選項，那么只能放棄這5原則，

然后找找看其他的錯誤。

（二）修飾語

1．of 修飾短語: of 短語修飾其前面的名詞,而代詞則指代整個of介詞短語的內(nèi)容

（1）He had a way of dodging opponents that impressed the scouts.

在本句中，that從句指代a way of dodging opponents，且that省略了更好，而不是單指a way

Best: His way OF DODGING OPPONENTS impressed the scouts.

（2）An ice sheet covers 80 percent of the surface of Greenland, an area roughly the size of Alaska.

2．為避免主語修飾語過于冗長，有時候會將修飾語后置

對：A new CEO has been hired who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public scorecards.

錯：A new CEO who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public scorecards has been hired.

3．插入語，在主語和謂語之間，插入一個成分對主語進行進一步說明,用逗號隔開。

Our system of Presidential elections favors states, such as Delaware, that bv population are over-represented in the Electoral College. （that修飾的是states）

4．平行修飾的時候，其中一組修飾詞一定緊跟著他們所修飾的名詞。

In heraldry, the term "tincture" refers to a color emblazoned on a coat of arms and labeled with a special French word.

總之，名詞修飾語一定要緊跟其修飾的對象，少數(shù)情況例外。

（三）所有格

(1) 不要選擇Y of X’s 這樣的結構，永遠是錯的； 要么of X,要么X’s

(2) GMAT 在80%~90%情況下認為復數(shù)不能用所有格，如humans’

EG: ×: Certain humans' parasites have been shown to provide bacterial resistance and protection

√: Certain parasites in humans have been shown to provide bacterial resistance and

protection

大部分名詞用of X 結構可以清晰替代所有格，少部分如sales,要用in所有格，不等同于普通名詞，不能簡單修飾

（四）當修飾一個集合名詞的時候，有三種常見修飾

(1) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of which were only recently

discovered.

錯: This model explains all known subatomic particles, of which some were only recently

discovered.

(2) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them only recently discovered.

錯：This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them which were only recently

discovered.

(3) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some only recently discovered.

錯：This model explains all known subatomic particles, SOME OF WHICH only recently discovered.

其中的some，可能被替換成any, none, all, more/most，many, each, either, neither, half, one

（五）從句與現(xiàn)在分詞修飾

(1) 從句和分詞都可以修飾主語或者謂語，一般情況下可以通用，但遇到一些有明顯時態(tài)變

化的句子，要根據(jù)具體情況而定。

① The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency ultimately culminating in the

survival of just a few languages, according to some.

② The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency that will ultimately culminate in the survival of just a few languages, according to some.（這種句式又叫獨立詞組）

第二句好一些，因為根據(jù)ultimately用將來時要好些。而第一句表明是現(xiàn)在時。

在一道題里，如果只有分詞ing的形式不同，那么通常從句＋動詞的形式>分詞ing形式，因為可以更清晰的表達時態(tài)的變化。

(2) 實際上有兩種修飾前句的方法

① 獨立詞組：如上述形式，一般是一句結束后，一個概括性名詞+that 從句

②  V-ing 形式：V-ing 形式跟在主句后面，有四個情況可用：a.做伴隨狀語；b.表結果；c.修飾其前面緊跟的名詞（在主系表結構中）d.修飾前面整句話，例如bring to 34只海鳥那道題。

Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations around the

world, suggesting the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of years ago.（suggesting修飾de是前面整句話，那個發(fā)現(xiàn)結果）

代詞：

12th Edition: 101, 113, 124, 132

Verbal Review: 71, 72, 74, 85, 102, 107 OR 2nd Edition: 50,68, 70, 80, 98, 105

修飾語：

12th Edition: 102,103, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112, 115, 121, 126, D49

Verbal Review: 96, 110, 111, 112

OR 2nd Edition: 88, 90, 92, 96, 100, 108, 109, 110, 111

十二、動詞和比較（高階）

（一）助動詞：be /do /have

1．若出現(xiàn)時態(tài)變化，則句子中助動詞不能單獨的使用

對I have never seen an aardvark, but my father has.

錯I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father did.

對I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw one.此處就不能用has替代

2．助動詞后省略的詞一定要是原文之前出現(xiàn)過的

錯Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they are.

對Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they do.

They do指代的是“they do inspire” are, have都只能代表主動時態(tài)

3．情態(tài)動詞

（1）Can, could, may ,might, must, shall , should, will and would,這些詞在使用過程中不能

相互替換。

有時候情態(tài)動詞會與一些具有類似含義的動詞發(fā)生重復，要避免。比如在有ensure等

強調(diào)必須、義務的句子，再用have to/must顯得啰嗦。

Wrong: This plan ensures that action must be taken.

Right: This plan ensures that action will be taken.

（2）Be to 在GMAT中永遠是錯誤的，用will, 或者should 替代

Wrong: We ARE TO receive an invitation.

?Right: We WILL receive an invitation. OR We SHOULD receive an invitation.

（3）if 引導的條件句中，不能用情態(tài)動詞,例如should

Awkward: SHOULD he PASS the test ,he will graduate. 

Right: IF he PASSES the test, he will graduate.

（二）動詞的形式

1．不定式：可以做名詞，形容詞或副詞

(1) 不定式的使用要符合邏輯意思：

The building was demolished to avoid falling down accidentally. 錯(avoid的主語變成building是錯的)

The building was demolished to keep it from falling down accidentally. 對（it指代的是building）

(2) 不定式雖然可以做名詞，但跟普通名詞還是有差別，在前置短語里，最好別用不定式，而用it代替。且不定式也不能被形容詞修飾(但動名詞可以)。

Awkward: TO ERR is human.

Right: IT is human TO ERR.

2．動名詞（可作主語，賓語）

（1）經(jīng)驗：動名詞做主語比不定式做主語更為常見，但不絕對！

（2）一個名詞放于動名詞之前，如果該名詞是動名詞的發(fā)起者，那么要用所有格

Mike’s swimming is the product of new coaching techniques.

（3）盡量避免用動名詞所有格， 動詞的名詞形式要好一些，如her action>her acting

3．分詞（可以用來修是一個詞，或者整個句子）

一個特殊的句型： Having broken the lamp, she has been worrying all night.

Having的邏輯主語是she

4．根據(jù)語義，使用現(xiàn)在分詞， 不定式和其他形式

不定式一般表目的，不是出于某種目的去做某事，一般不用不定式

A plan conquering the world is in his files. 正在…是

A plan that will conquer the world is his files. 將要…是..

A plan to conquer the world is in his files. 目的是….

（三）like & as

1．like可以修飾名詞和動詞(I danced LIKE you last night.)，但like后只能跟名詞或代詞。

2．a(chǎn)s 可以作為連詞和介詞也可以做對比

（1）as 作為連詞

As I strolled to the store, I smelled the air. (while, during) 當…時候

I will not tell you, as you already know. (since, because) 因為

You should walk as she wants you to. (in the same way) 正如

（2）做“象／相似于”講de時候，通常和“just ,so ,so too”一起，連接2個句子，或者連接一個短語＋句子

Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, SO TOO are they late today.

Right: AS in the previous case, the judge took an early break.

（3）AS 作為介詞，表“作為，當” 而不是“象”

As your leader, I am in charge. I think you as my friend. AS a child, I thought I could fly.

（4）as…as 結構

第一個As 后面跟形容詞或副詞，第二個as 后面跟名詞

They are as hungry as they were last night.

（5）舉例只能用As（或such as），不能用like

Wrong :I enjoy fast food LIKE hamburgers.(=fast food SIMILAR TO hamburgers)

 Right: I enjoy fast food SUCH AS hamburgers.

（四）數(shù)字比較

1．對： 3 times as old as   錯：3 times older than (怎么能拿是3 倍更老呢)

   對： 3 years older than  錯：3 years as old as

2．有時候用times, 不要as 或than, 表示直接修飾

The cost of a ticket is $12, six times the cost ten years ago.

The concert was attended by 300 people, twice the previous attendance.

3．more, less 很靈活，可作名詞，形容詞或副詞

I own more than I should. 名詞 I own more shirts than I should. 形容詞

I sleep more than I should. 副詞

但是higher, greater, lower 等只能用作形容詞

×I spend lower than I did last year. √My bills are lower than they were last year.

4．比較雙方一定要對等,且一定要清晰

(1) We have even more efficient engines than before. 此句意思模糊,應改為：

We have even more engines that are efficient than before.

或者We have engines even more efficient than before.

(2) 一些表示比較詞，exceed, surpass，前后比較對象也要對等。

The incidence of the disease among men exceeds the incidence among women.

(3) In addition to， 通常放在句首，表示另外的一個例子。

IN ADDITION TO taxes, death is inevitable. (同類)

IN ADDITION TO Munster cheese, I like Swiss. (不同類事物)

動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主被動：

12th Edition: 122, 128, 139

Verbal Review: 80, 86, 95, 103 OR 2nd Edition: 76, 79, 81, 89, 99, 104

比較：

12th Edition: 108, 123, 125, 131, 136, 138,047,052

Verbal Review: 94, 98, 101, 105, 106 OR 2nd Edition: 87, 93, 97, 102, 103

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