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時間:2021-07-27
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我們知道,托福閱讀的出題方向分為主旨題和細節(jié)題,那么如何快速把握文章主旨呢?我們?yōu)榇蠹医榻B以下三種行之有效的方法,希望對大家有所幫助~
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1. 讀標題
首先,一篇文章的結構由標題,開頭段,主體段以及結尾段組成。托福文章最人性化的一點就是三篇文章都有標題,很多同學讀到這里會覺得:老師你這不是在說廢話嗎?不,很多人忽略了標題的作用。分析一下TPO所有文章的標題,大家會發(fā)現(xiàn)托福文章的標題形式一共三種:單一型,并列型以及限定條件單一型。這樣的標題設計最大的作用在于,預告了本文的文章結構特點,通過固定的幾類文章結構特點,我們可以預判此篇文章主要在講什么。我們來看一個例子:Applied Artsand Fine Arts。
先來看一下這個標題,是并列型,即有兩個討論對象,這種標題類型的文章特點是全文有兩個論述對象,且排名不分前后,也就是文章會用相同的篇幅去討論這兩個對象。其次,還會有兩者相同點,不同點的比較。那么我們可以預判一下本文的主旨:比較Applied Arts and Fine Arts的特點。
可是大家想要進一步知道:比較的特點是哪一些呢?標題能夠傳遞的信息畢竟有限,所以我們需要其他的方法來深挖一下文章主旨。
2. 開頭段和結尾段
托福文章的行文結構分為三種:總分總,總分和分總。總即代表主旨所在,所以主要會在開頭段和結尾段闡述。我們只需要精讀這兩個段落就可以了。還是以Applied Arts and Fine Arts這篇文章為例,現(xiàn)在我們來看一下開頭段:
Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal—it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the "applied arts." Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary function.
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如果大家迅速瀏覽一下整個段亂,會發(fā)現(xiàn)本段只出現(xiàn)了applied arts這個概念,而沒有關于fine arts的描述,那么這時候大家應該反應出來本文的結構是分總,即主旨在結尾段:
Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant. It would therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials.
迅速瀏覽完本段會發(fā)現(xiàn),fine arts和applied arts這兩個概念在最后一段的都有論述。并且這句話:It would therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials. (因此,毫不夸張地說,純藝術工藝品的生產(chǎn)者需要克服原材料的限制進行生產(chǎn),而從事實用性工藝品的生產(chǎn)者則依據(jù)材料的性質(zhì)來進行生產(chǎn)。)大家看到主要的對比對象是材料的使用情況。
3. 文章小結題的introductory sentence
還有一個抓住文章主旨的小竅門是大家可以參考文章小結題所給的那一句話,即introdectory sentence,這句話的作用主要就是來概括全文的中心大意,我們還是來看Applied Arts and Fine Arts這篇文章的文章小結題:
Q:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
This passage discusses fundamental differences between applied-art objects and fine-art objects.
附:托福閱讀常見素材
一、印第安題材
1.白令海峽移民理論
2.印第安文化
3.印第安宗教觀
4.印第安建筑業(yè):大、先進。
5.印第安手工業(yè):好。
6.社會組織結構:嚴密、分工細、凝聚力強。
7.農(nóng)業(yè)先進:A. irrigation; B. maize, squash, bean, pea。
二、動植物題材(必考)
1.植物學題材(不多見)
a. 地衣、苔 、真菌、蘑菇最常見。
b. 樹冠上方生物。
c. 植物在生態(tài)平衡中的作用。
2.動物學題材(90%以上)
a. 考普通動物為多。最近常考鳥類、螞蟻、動物智能與滅絕(聯(lián)系天文學與冰河理論)。
b. 考動物進化(evolution)。
c. 考動物的分類(classification)
三、美國歷史題材
1.美國發(fā)展線索
2.發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲階段
哥倫布(意),為黃金、茶葉、香料
West/East Indian
影響:世界觀變化;國家形勢變化;(愛爾蘭——土豆饑荒)
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