留學(xué)監(jiān)理網(wǎng)獨(dú)家發(fā)布!雅思閱讀(學(xué)術(shù)類)模擬題精講!（三）

各位考鴨，留學(xué)監(jiān)理網(wǎng)繼續(xù)為大家準(zhǔn)備了雅思閱讀(學(xué)術(shù)類)模擬題精講!(三)，快來做題看解析吧！

圖片來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)，不用作商業(yè)目的。  如有侵權(quán)，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系我們刪除。

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

The Triune (three-in-one) Brain

The first of our three brains to evolve is what scientists call the reptilian cortex. This brain sustains the elementary activities of animal survival such as respiration, adequate rest and a beating heart. We are not required to consciously “think” about these activities. The reptilian cortex also houses the “startle centre”, a mechanism that facilitates swift reactions to unexpected occurrences in our surroundings. That panicked lurch you experience when a door slams shut somewhere in the house, or the heightened awareness you feel when a twig cracks in a nearby bush while out on an evening stroll are both examples of the reptilian cortex at work. When it comes to our interaction with others, the reptilian brain offers up only the most basic impulses: aggression, mating, and territorial defence. There is no great difference, in this sense, between a crocodile defending its spot along the river and a turf war between two urban gangs.

>>>免費(fèi)在線測(cè)試你的雅思閱讀能考多少分

Although the lizard may stake a claim to its habitat, it exerts total indifference toward the well-being of its young. Listen to the anguished squeal of a dolphin separated from its pod or witness the sight of elephants mourning their dead, however, and it is clear that a new development is at play. Scientists have identified this as the limbic cortex. Unique to mammals, the limbic cortex impels creatures to nurture their offspring by delivering feelings of tenderness and warmth to the parent when children are nearby. These same sensations also cause mammals to develop various types of social relations and kinship networks. When we are with others of “our kind” – be it at soccer practice, church, school or a nightclub – we experience positive sensations of togetherness, solidarity and comfort. If we spend too long away from these networks, then loneliness sets in and encourages us to seek companionship.

Only human capabilities extend far beyond the scope of these two cortexes. Humans eat, sleep and play, but we also speak, plot, rationalise and debate finer points of morality. Our unique abilities are the result of an expansive third brain – the neocortex –which engages with logic, reason and ideas. The power of the neocortex comes from its ability to think beyond the present, concrete moment. While other mammals are mainly restricted to impulsive actions (although some, such as apes, can learn and remember simple lessons), humans can think about the “big picture”. We can string together simple lessons (for example, an apple drops downwards from a tree; hurting others causes unhappiness) to develop complex theories of physical or social phenomena (such as the laws of gravity and a concern for human rights).

The neocortex is also responsible for the process by which we decide on and commit to particular courses of action. Strung together over time, these choices can accumulate into feats of progress unknown to other animals. Anticipating a better grade on the following morning’s exam, a student can ignore the limbic urge to socialise and go to sleep early instead. Over three years, this ongoing sacrifice translates into a first class degree and a scholarship to graduate school; over a lifetime,it can mean ground-breaking contributions to human knowledge and development. The ability to sacrifice our drive for immediate satisfaction in order to benefit later is a product of the neocortex.

Understanding the triune brain can help us appreciate the different natures of brain damage and psychological disorders. The most devastating form of brain damage, for example, is a condition in which someone is understood to be brain dead. In this state a person appears merely unconscious – sleeping, perhaps – but this is illusory. Here, the reptilian brain is functioning on autopilot despite the permanent loss of other cortexes.

Disturbances to the limbic cortex are registered in a different manner. Pups with limbic damage can move around and feed themselves well enough but do not register the presence of their littermates. Scientists have observed how, after a limbic lobotomy (surgical cutting of brain nerves) “one impaired monkey stepped on his outraged peers as if treading on a log or a rock”. In our own species, limbic damage is closely related to sociopathic behaviour. Sociopaths in possession of fully-functioning neocortexes are often shrewd and emotionally intelligent people but lack any ability to relate to, empathise with or express concern for others.

>>>留學(xué)監(jiān)理網(wǎng)獨(dú)家發(fā)布!雅思閱讀(學(xué)術(shù)類)模擬題精講!(四)

One of the neurological wonders of history occurred when a railway worker named Phineas Gage survived an incident during which a metal rod skewered his skull, taking a considerable amount of his neocortex with it. Though Gage continued to live and work as before, his fellow employees observed a shift in the equilibrium of his personality. Gage’s animal propensities were now sharply pronounced while his intellectual abilities suffered; garrulous or obscene jokes replaced his once quick wit. New findings suggest, however, that Gage managed to soften these abrupt changes over time and rediscover an appropriate social manner. This would indicate that reparative therapy has the potential to help patients with advanced brain trauma to gain an improved quality of life.

Questions 14–22

Classify the following as typical of

A the reptilian cortex

B the limbic cortex

C the neocortex

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 14–22 on your answer sheet.

14 giving up short-term happiness for future gains 

15 maintaining the bodily functions necessary for life  

16 experiencing the pain of losing another  

17 forming communities and social groups  

18 making a decision and carrying it out    

19 guarding areas of land   

20 developing explanations for things     

21 looking after one’s young     

22 responding quickly to sudden movement and nois

Answers：

14. C

15. A

16. B

17. B

18. C

19. A

20. C

21. B

22. A

解析：

本文講述了大腦的三個(gè)區(qū)域the reptilian cortex、the limbic cortex以及he neocortex的工作原理及作用，14-22題列出的是一些行為動(dòng)作，要求根據(jù)原文描述來判斷這一行為是受大腦的哪個(gè)區(qū)域所控制。

原文第一段描述the reptilian cortex，（This brain sustains the elementary activities of animal survival such as respiration, adequate rest and a beating heart. We are not required to consciously “think” about these activities.）這句話是說大腦的這個(gè)區(qū)域是來維持呼吸、充足的休息以及心跳等身體活動(dòng)的，不需要持續(xù)對(duì)這些活動(dòng)進(jìn)行思考。顧名思義，就是說the reptilian cortex是來維持一些日常生理活動(dòng)的。后面描述了the reptilian cortex幫助對(duì)突發(fā)情況進(jìn)行快速反應(yīng)以及對(duì)aggression, mating, and territorial defence作出反應(yīng)。所以，15、19和22題選擇A選項(xiàng)。

第二段描述the limbic cortex，（the limbic cortex impels creatures to nurture their offspring by delivering feelings of tenderness and warmth to the parent when children are nearby.）這句話是說the limbic cortex使生物養(yǎng)育自己的后代，孩子對(duì)父母有親近之感，后文（These same sensations also cause mammals to develop various types of social relations and kinship networks.）是說該大腦區(qū)域還刺激生物尋求社會(huì)關(guān)系和親屬關(guān)系。因此，16、17和21題選B選項(xiàng)。

>>>免費(fèi)在線咨詢雅思考試相關(guān)問題

第三、四段描述the neocortex，（Only human capabilities extend far beyond the scope of these two cortexes.）是說the neocortex是人腦特有的區(qū)域，使人區(qū)別于動(dòng)物。后文主要描述the neocortex是人具有思維。所以，14、18和20題是通過思考才能完成的行為，選C選項(xiàng)。

(請(qǐng)持續(xù)關(guān)注留學(xué)監(jiān)理網(wǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)或關(guān)注微信公眾號(hào)“考鴨資料庫”閱讀相關(guān)文章)

雅思閱讀(學(xué)術(shù)類)部分簡(jiǎn)介：

雅思考試閱讀(學(xué)術(shù)類)部分共有三篇文章，考生需要回答40道題目。每一篇文章所需要回答的問題數(shù)量并不相同。每一道問題相對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)。文章內(nèi)容和題目均出現(xiàn)于試卷中。

>>>一鍵輸入GPA(2.0-4.0)，雅思成績(jī)，快速匹配適合你的院校

留學(xué)規(guī)劃和留學(xué)申請(qǐng)是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)期工程，不能片面聽取網(wǎng)友的交流，更不能輕信留學(xué)中介的說辭。留學(xué)監(jiān)理網(wǎng)由有20多年國(guó)際教育行業(yè)管理和服務(wù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的前教育部官員胡本未老師創(chuàng)立，得到新華社和央視網(wǎng)的高度評(píng)價(jià)。留學(xué)監(jiān)理網(wǎng)免費(fèi)為學(xué)生提供留學(xué)咨詢規(guī)劃建議、推薦靠譜的留學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)、審核留學(xué)方案和中介服務(wù)協(xié)議，受學(xué)生委托提供監(jiān)理服務(wù)、督辦留學(xué)中介的服務(wù)過程并“先行賠付”。

任何關(guān)于雅思考試問題，比如雅思閱讀考試有哪些注意事項(xiàng)，雅思閱讀評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、雅思考試注意事項(xiàng)、國(guó)外大學(xué)對(duì)雅思成績(jī)要求是多少等問題，大家都可以在線咨詢或持續(xù)訪問該欄目的其它相關(guān)文章。

相關(guān)閱讀：

干貨!70個(gè)雅思聽力高頻詞句

雅思聽力之看病場(chǎng)景詞大薈萃

雅思口語高分作答方法及需避免問題

雅思口語高頻話題必備句式

雅思寫作之各類銜接詞大匯合(超實(shí)用!)

雅思寫作范文及解析-教育類

雅思寫作范文及解析-社會(huì)家庭類

• 上一篇：雅思閱讀協(xié)助定位常見同義詞
• 下一篇：留學(xué)監(jiān)理網(wǎng)獨(dú)家發(fā)布!雅思閱讀(學(xué)術(shù)類)模擬題精講!（四）

• 相關(guān)文章

  • 留學(xué)申請(qǐng) 要不要找留學(xué)中介
  • 出國(guó)留學(xué)費(fèi)用一般要多少
  • 選擇留學(xué)中介的十大誤區(qū)
  • 如何選擇英國(guó)留學(xué)中介
  • 最新！2020中國(guó)教育部承認(rèn)的英國(guó)大學(xué)名單完整版！
  • 干貨：曼徹斯特大學(xué)排名/申請(qǐng)條件/錄取白名單/就業(yè)前景...

• 最新問答

  查看更多>>
  • 香港留學(xué)一年的費(fèi)用需要多少錢
  • 應(yīng)屆高三學(xué)生申請(qǐng)出國(guó)留學(xué)讀本科的途徑有哪些？如何選擇？
  • 今年高考的文科生，二本線，讀什么專業(yè)好？
  • 高考成績(jī)剛過一本線，高考志愿填報(bào)和出國(guó)留學(xué)如何選擇？
  • 什么是CUG完全大學(xué)指南？
  • 什么是CWUR世界大學(xué)排名？