托福寫作中如何準(zhǔn)確使用高級(jí)詞匯？（上）

在托福寫作考試中，能否使用一些高級(jí)詞匯能使寫作成績(jī)獲得比較高的分?jǐn)?shù)，今天老師為大家整理的托福寫作中的黃金詞匯之托福寫作中如何準(zhǔn)確使用高級(jí)詞匯？（上），看看你了解多少？

1. Irony

What you think it means: Something that is funny. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：滑稽的事。

What it really means: Contrary to what you are expecting.單詞的真正含義是：事與愿違的。 This is a famous one because so many people get this wrong so often. It’s also kind of hard to explain, so we’ll use an example. The Titanic was boasted about as being 100% unsinkable and then in 1912 it was sunk anyway. That is what is called cosmic irony. When a starving vegetarian eats a pepperoni pizza, that is what is called situational irony.

這是一個(gè)典型的單詞，因?yàn)榻?jīng)常有人用錯(cuò)。解釋起來可能有點(diǎn)困難，所以我們還是舉例說明吧。泰坦尼克號(hào)號(hào)稱100%不會(huì)沉沒，但1912年它還是意外沉沒了，這就叫“宇宙反諷”。要是某個(gè)餓得不行的素食者忍不住吃了塊香腸披薩，那就叫“情境反諷”。

There are other kinds too, such as dramatic irony and Socratic irony. Believe it or not, sarcasm is actually irony. When you say something sarcastically, your tone and your words mean two opposite things. That is ironic. Irony can be funny but not everything funny is irony.

當(dāng)然還有其他分類，比如“喜劇式反諷”和“蘇格拉底式反諷”。不管你信不信，irony其實(shí)和sarcasm(諷刺)是一個(gè)意思。當(dāng)說到某件事很諷刺時(shí)，你的語調(diào)和用詞意在表達(dá)完全相反的兩種情況。這就是ironic(反諷)。反諷可以是滑稽的，但并不是所有滑稽的事都可以稱得上“反諷”。

2. Travesty

What you think it means: A tragedy or something unfortunate. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：悲劇或不幸的事。

What it really means: A mockery or parody. 單詞的真正含義是：拙劣的模仿或惡搞。 This is another one that people have wrong fairly frequently. You've heard people call 9/11 a travesty. Truth be told 9/11 was a tragedy. A travesty is actually a mockery or a parody. One might say that a Weird Al Yankovic album is a travesty. With how often this word is associated with tragedy, we wouldn't be shocked if that definition were eventually added as an acceptable meaning. Until then, it doesn't mean anything bad happened.

這也是人們經(jīng)常用錯(cuò)的一個(gè)單詞。有人把9.11事件說成travesty，其實(shí)他是想說是個(gè)tragedy(悲劇)。Travesty其實(shí)是指拙劣的模仿或惡搞。你可以說艾爾?揚(yáng)科維奇的專輯是travesty(惡搞的)。鑒于travesty這個(gè)單詞總是被人們和tragedy(悲劇)搞混淆，或許以后travesty里面也能加入“悲劇”的含義吧。不過到目前為止，這個(gè)單詞跟“不好的事情”完全扯不上關(guān)系。

3. Ultimate

What you think it means: The one, the only. The best. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：某個(gè)，唯一的，最好的。

What it really means: The last item of a list. 單詞的真正含義是：列表中的最后一項(xiàng)。 Some people do actually use this one properly. You may see someone list off a bunch of things and hear them say, “Okay, at the store we need eggs, milk, juice, and ultimately, butter.” That is actually the proper use of ultimate. There is no other context or added context. It simply means the last one.

確實(shí)也有人能夠正確使用這個(gè)單詞。你或許看到過別人寫出一串列單，然后聽到他們說：“嗯……我們要去商店買點(diǎn)雞蛋、牛奶、果汁，最后(ultimately)還有黃油。”這才是ultimate的正確使用方法。這里不存在其他內(nèi)容或補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容，ultimate就表示“最后一個(gè)”。

4. Conversate

What you think it means: To have a conversation. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：進(jìn)行交談。

What it really means: Nothing. 單詞的真正含義是：壓根沒有這個(gè)詞。 Conversate actually doesn’t exist and I’ll prove it to you. Go into a program that underlines words with red if they’re spelled wrong. Now type out conversate. Did you see the red line? Conversate was meant to be a mixture of conversation and converse and be used as a verb. However, converse is a verb and there really isn’t a need for a second verb to describe the same action.

Conversate這個(gè)單詞其實(shí)是不存在的，這我可以證明。找個(gè)能標(biāo)紅錯(cuò)誤拼寫的程序，然后輸入conversate這個(gè)單詞，你應(yīng)該能看到這個(gè)單詞被標(biāo)了紅色下劃線吧?conversate應(yīng)該是conversation(交談)和converse(交談)的混合詞，詞性是動(dòng)詞?？墒牵琧onverse(交談)本身就是動(dòng)詞，根本就沒必要再造一個(gè)動(dòng)詞來描述同一個(gè)行為了。

5. Peruse

What you think it means: To skim or browse. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：略讀或?yàn)g覽。

What it really means: To observe in depth. 單詞的真正含義是：深入觀察。 When you peruse something, you are actually taking a very close look at it. When you're at a record store and you're just running through a stack of records, you are just browsing. If you pick up a record and look at the artist, track list, and additional information on the back, then your are perusing.

當(dāng)你peruse(深入觀察)某事物時(shí)，說明你看得非常仔細(xì)。假設(shè)你在唱片店穿過一排排的唱片架，那就是“瀏覽”。如果你拿起一張唱片查看背后的藝術(shù)家、目錄和其他信息，那就叫peruse(深入觀察)了。

6. Bemused

What you think it means: Amused. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：愉快的。

What it really means: Confused. 單詞的真正含義是：困惑的。 This is one of the many words on this list that will make you strongly dislike the English language. Despite looking all but identical to the word amused, bemused doesn't even come close to meaning the same thing. If you are bemused then you are actually confused.

這個(gè)單詞可能本清單中“榮膺”讓你討厭英語(精品課)的原因之一。盡管bemused(困惑的)在拼寫上跟amused(愉快的)很相似，但這兩個(gè)單詞的含義卻并不一樣。如果你bemused，說明你其實(shí)很困惑。

7. Compelled

What you think it means: To do something voluntarily by choice. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：志愿選擇做某事。

What it really means: To be forced or obligated to doing something. 單詞的真正含義是：被迫或有義務(wù)做某事。 This is one that people get wrong and it's rather understandable. The real definition is very close to the definition people generally use. The difference is the motivation. When people say compelled, they think the person wants to perform the action. In fact, they are forced to do it regardless of their personal feelings. Here's an example. When you're in court, you are compelled to give honest testimony. You may not want to, but it doesn't matter because you have to.

這個(gè)單詞被人們搞錯(cuò)其實(shí)倒也情有可原。它的真實(shí)定義和人們通常誤用的含義很接近，但區(qū)別就在于動(dòng)機(jī)如何。當(dāng)說到compelled(被迫)時(shí)，人們以為說話者想做某事，但實(shí)際上，說話者是有違自身情緒而被迫去做某事的。舉個(gè)例子，在出庭時(shí)，你就是compelled(被迫)如實(shí)作證的，你可能心里不情愿，但不管怎樣你只能這么做。

8. Nauseous

What you think it means: To feel ill. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：感覺不舒服。

What it really means: To cause feelings of illness. 單詞的真正含義是：令人不舒服的。 This is another understandable mishap that a lot of people make. If you actually feel sick then you are nauseated. The object that made you feel ill is nauseous. Here’s how this works. If you're at an amusement park and you’re sitting next to a full trash can, the fumes from the trash may make you feel ill. That means the fumes from the trash can are nauseous because they are making you feel nauseated.

許多人用錯(cuò)這個(gè)單詞也是情有可原的。如果你果真感到不舒服，那么你會(huì)nauseated(作嘔)，讓你感到不舒服的東西是nauseous(作嘔的)。請(qǐng)看下面的例子。假設(shè)你坐在游樂園一個(gè)滿滿的垃圾桶旁邊，垃圾桶里冒出的煙霧讓你感到不舒服。這就是說，垃圾桶里冒出的煙霧是nauseous(令人作嘔的)，因?yàn)樗屇愀械絥auseated(作嘔)。

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