托福寫作概括能力訓練

在托福寫作備考的過程中，比較注重于對于綜合閱讀文章的總結(jié)和闡釋，但是，我們又不能完全照抄其中的原文。所以，在這個過程中，概括能力和轉(zhuǎn)述能力成為了綜合寫作的兩大核心能力。今天為大家?guī)硗懈懽鞲爬芰τ柧殹?/p>

在綜合寫作中，對綜合寫作閱讀內(nèi)容的總結(jié)和闡釋不能照抄閱讀文章原文，因此 概括能力(summarization skills)和 轉(zhuǎn)述能力(paraphrasing skills)成為了綜合寫作的兩大核心能力。

所謂概括能力，是指將段落中的論據(jù)或細節(jié)通過遞進、并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果等關(guān)系進行組織。

我們來看下列的段落：

The online questionnaire is able to feature many online options to help a respondent complete the survey that normally he or she might not be able to receive. For example, there could be a glossary to explain an unknown word. Also, the questionnaire submission is much easier, done at the click of a button instead of wasting time and effort via mailing the forms.

這個段落的分論點是many online options(在線選項)可以幫助很多問卷調(diào)查者(respondents)更好地完成問卷。通過論據(jù)和細節(jié)的展開，我們知道這些 online options 既包括 glossary 對不熟悉的單詞進行解釋，又包括easy submission.

所以用一句話來概括這段話，應該為：

There are more online features that are helpful for questionnaire respondents, such as glossaries to explain unfamiliar words and easy submissions at the click of a button.

再如：Moreover, genetically modified trees promise to bring a number of economic benefits to those who grow them. Genetically modified trees tend to grow faster, give greater yields of food, fruit, or other products, and be hardier. This allows tree farmers to get faster and greater returns on their farming investment and save on pesticides as well.

這個段落的分論點是 genetically modified trees(轉(zhuǎn)基因樹木)帶來許多經(jīng)濟利益。通過論據(jù)和細節(jié)的展開，我們知道這是因為 genetically modified trees 生長的更快、產(chǎn)量更大、更為耐寒;而這些特質(zhì)使得樹農(nóng)投資回報更快、更多，并且節(jié)約了殺蟲劑的開支。

用一句話來概括這段話，應該為：

Genetically modified trees bring tree farmers many economic benefits, including favorable returns on their investment and savings on pesticides.

所謂轉(zhuǎn)述能力，是指需要通過明顯地改變原句表達方式或者濃縮、提煉核心意思去改寫原文。

>>> 方法一：同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換法

Youngsters who watched educational children’s television for several hours a week had higher scores on academic tests three years later.

尋找youngsters, educational children’s television, several, higher scores等單詞或短語的同義詞，原句轉(zhuǎn)述為：

Young children who watched a few hours of educational programs a week had better test scores three years later.

>>> 方法二：詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法

Telecommuting can bring numerous benefits to both employees and employers.

轉(zhuǎn)化為benefit(動詞)：

Both employees and employers can benefit from telecommuting.

轉(zhuǎn)化為beneficial(形容詞)：

Telecommuting is beneficial to both employees and employers.

beneficiaries(名詞，表示人)：

Both employees and employers can be beneficiaries of telecommuting.

>>> 方法三：主動和被動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換法

For the price of one regular paperback novel, several book files could be purchased.

將原句的被動語態(tài)(could be purchased)轉(zhuǎn)化為主動語態(tài)(people could purchase)：

For the same price as one paperback novel, people could purchase several book files.

>>> 方法四：句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換法

句子結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換法是最為常用的方法——通過將句子間結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換，進而對原有的句子進行轉(zhuǎn)述。句子間結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換，即包括簡單句、并列句和從句間的轉(zhuǎn)換，也包括不同從句(包括賓語從句、定語從句、狀語從句、同位語從句等)之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換，以及不同句型結(jié)構(gòu)的使用(包括形式主語結(jié)構(gòu)、強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、插入語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)等)。

(1)簡單句和從句子間的轉(zhuǎn)換

There has been an upsurge in the prevalence of electronic books due to rapid advancements in technology.(簡單句)

Because there have been rapid advancements in technology, the prevalence of electronic books has experienced an upsurge.(原因狀語從句)

(2)賓語從句和定語從句間的轉(zhuǎn)換

The study suggests that television may have a positive influence on children’s intellectual development. (賓語從句)

According to the study, television may positively influence the way that children’s intelligence develops. (定語從句)

(3)非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的使用

If students can receive instructions at home on the television, they can save time, money, and fuel on transportation.(條件狀語從句)

Receiving instructions from television at home, students can save time,money, and fuel on transportation. (非謂語結(jié)構(gòu))

The carbon dioxide leads to the worldwide greenhouse effect, which causes the sea level to rise and produces negative impacts on weather.(定語從句)

The carbon dioxide raises the sea level and negatively influences weather, leadingto the greenhouse effect worldwide.(非謂語結(jié)構(gòu))

在綜合寫作寫作過程中，句子轉(zhuǎn)述的四種方法很少“單獨使用”，而往往“組合使用”。

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